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The anthropologist Herbert Harold Vreeland visited three Mongol communities in 1920 and published a highly detailed book with the results of his fieldwork, ''Mongol community and kinship structure''.<ref>[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015008324819;view=1up;seq=1 Mongol community and kinship structure. Vreeland, Herbert Harold, 1920]</ref>
== Royal family ==
The royal clan of the Mongols is the [[Borjigin]] clan descended from [[Bodonchar Munkhag]] (c.850-900). This clan produced Khans and princes for Mongolia and surrounding regions until the early 20th century. All the Great Khans of the Mongol Empire, including its founder [[Genghis Khan]], were of the Borjigin clan. The royal family of Mongolia was called the ''Altan Urag'' (Golden Lineage) and is synonymous with Genghisid. After the fall of the Northern Yuan Dynasty in 1635 the Dayan Khanid aristocracy continued the Genghisid legacy in Mongolia until 1937 when most were killed during the Stalinist purges. The four hereditary Khans of the Khalkha ([[Tüsheet Khan]], [[Navaanneren|Setsen Khan]], Zasagt Khan and [[Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren|Sain Noyan Khan]]) were all descended from [[Dayan Khan]] (1464-1543) through Abtai Sain Khan, Sholoi Khan, Laikhur Khan and Tumenkhen Sain Noyan respectively. Dayan Khan was himself raised to power by [[Mandukhai|Queen Mandukhai the Wise]] (c.1449-1510) during the crisis of the late 15th century when the line of Kublai Khan, the grandson of Genghis Khan, was on the verge of dying out.
Dayan Khan's ancestry is as follows. His father was Bayanmunkh Jonon (1448-1479) the son of Kharkhutsag Taij (?-1453), the son of Agbarjin Khan (1423-1454), the son of Ajai Taij (1399-1438), the son or younger brother of Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1361-1399), the son of Uskhal Khan (1342-1388), the younger brother of Biligtü Khan (1340-1370) and the son of Toghon Temur Khan (1320-1370), the son of Khutughtu Khan (1300-1329), the son of Külüg Khan (1281-1311), the son of Darmabala (1264-1292), the son of Crown Prince Zhenjin (1243-1286), the son of Kublai Khan (1215-1294), the son of Tolui (1191-1232), the son of Genghis Khan (1162-1227). Okada (1994) noted that according to the [[Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty|Korean Veritable Records]] Taisun Khan, the brother of Agbarjin Khan, sent a Mongolian letter to Korea on May 9, 1442 where he named Kublai Khan as his ancestor.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Okada |first1=Hidehiro |title=Dayan Khan as a Yuan Emperor: The Political Legitimacy in 15th century Mongolia |journal=Bulletin de l'École Française de l'Extrême-Orient |date=1994 |volume=Tome 81 |pages=51–58 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/befeo_0336-1519_1994_num_81_1_2245}}</ref> This, along with the direct Mongol account of the [[Erdeniin Tobchi]] as well as indirect indications from three different Mongolian chronicles noted in Okada, establishes the Kublaid descent of Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan. Buyandelger (2000) noted that the year of birth of Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan as well as the meaning of his name is the same as that of Maidarabala (买的里八剌) the son of Biligtü Khan's secondary consort Empress Kim (daughter of Kim Yunjang 金允藏). Further noting that Maidarabala was sent back to Mongolia in 1374 after being held hostage in Beiping (Beijing) for 3 years Buyandelger identified Maidarabala with Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=宝音德力根 |first1=Buyandelger |title=15世紀中葉前的北元可汗世系及政局 (Genealogy and political situation of the Northern Yuan Khans of the mid-15th century) |journal=蒙古史研究 (Mongolian History Research) |date=2000 |volume= 6 |pages=132–136}}</ref> This does not change the Kublaid descent of Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and only changes his paternity from Uskhal Khan to his brother Biligtü Khan.
The [[Khongirad]] was the main consort clan of the Borjigin and provided numerous Empresses and consorts. There were five minor non-Khonggirad inputs from the maternal side which passed on to the Dayan Khanid aristocracy of Mongolia and Inner Mongolia. The first was the [[Keraite]] lineage added through Kublai Khan's mother [[Sorghaghtani Beki]] which linked the Borjigin to the Nestorian Christian tribe of [[Cyriacus Buyruk Khan]]. The second was the Turkic [[Karluks|Karluk]] lineage added through Toghon Temur Khan's mother Mailaiti which linked the Borjigin to [[Bilge Kul Qadir Khan]] (840-893) of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]] and ultimately to the Lion-Karluks as well as the [[Ashina tribe]] of the 6th century [[Göktürks]]. The third was the Korean lineage added through Biligtü Khan's mother [[Empress Gi]] (1315-370) which linked the Borjigin to the [[Haengju Gi clan]] and ultimately to [[Jun of Gojoseon|King Jun of Gojeoson]] (262-184 BC) and possibly even further to [[King Tang of Shang]] (1675-1646 BC) through [[Jizi]]. The fourth was the [[Esen Taishi]] lineage added through Bayanmunkh Jonon's mother Tsetseg Khatan which linked the Borjigin more firmly to the [[Oirats]]. The fifth was the [[Aisin Gioro]] lineage added during the Qing Dynasty.
The Dayan Khanid aristocracy still held power during the [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia]] (1911-1919) and the Constitutional Monarchy period (1921-1924). They were accused of collaboration with the Japanese and executed in 1937 while their counterparts in Inner Mongolia were severely persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Ancestral shrines of Genghis Khan were destroyed by the Red Guards during the 1960s and the Horse-Tail Banner of Genghis Khan disappeared. The Rinchen family in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia is a Dayan Khanid branch from Buryatia. Members of this family include the scholar [[Byambyn Rinchen]] (1905-1977), geologist [[Rinchen Barsbold]] (1935- ), diplomat Ganibal Jagvaral and Amartuvshin Ganibal (1974- ) the President of [[XacBank]]. There are many other families with aristocratic ancestry in Mongolia and it is often noted that most of the common populace already has some share of Genghisid ancestry. Mongolia, however, has remained a republic since 1924 and there has been no discussion of introducing a constitutional monarchy.
== Gallery ==
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