ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Testcases other

Tungsten,  74W
Tungsten
Pronunciation /ˈtʌŋstən/ (TUNG-stən)
Alternative namewolfram, pronounced: /ˈwʊlfrəm/ (WUUL-frəm)
Appearancegrayish white, lustrous
Standard atomic weight Ar, std(W)183.84(1)[᱑]
Tungsten in the periodic table
Hydrogen Helium
Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Mo

W

Sg
tantalumtungstenrhenium
Atomic number (Z)74
Groupgroup 6
Periodperiod 6
Blockd-block
Element category  Transition metal
Electron configuration[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2[᱒]
Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2
Physical properties
Phase at STPsolid
Melting point3695 K ​(3422 °C, ​6192 °F)
Boiling point6203 K ​(5930 °C, ​10706 °F)
Density (near r.t.)19.3 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.)17.6 g/cm3
Heat of fusion52.31 kJ/mol[᱓][᱔]
Heat of 774 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity24.27 J/(mol·K)
 pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k
at T (K) 3477 3773 4137 4579 5127 5823
Atomic properties
Oxidation states−4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide)
ElectronegativityPauling scale: 2.36
energies
  • 1st: 770 kJ/mol
  • 2nd: 1700 kJ/mol
Atomic radiusempirical: 139 pm
Covalent radius162±7 pm
Color lines in a spectral range
Spectral lines of tungsten
Other properties
Natural occurrenceprimordial
Crystal structure ​(bcc)
Body-centered cubic crystal structure for tungsten
Speed of sound thin rod4620 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed)
Thermal expansion4.5 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
Thermal conductivity173 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity52.8 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic orderingparamagnetic[᱕]
Magnetic susceptibility+59.0·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)[᱖]
Young's modulus411 GPa
Shear modulus161 GPa
Bulk modulus310 GPa
Poisson ratio0.28
Mohs hardness7.5
Vickers hardness3430–4600 MPa
Brinell hardness2000–4000 MPa
CAS Number7440-33-7
History
DiscoveryCarl Wilhelm Scheele (1781)
First isolationJuan José Elhuyar and Fausto Elhuyar (1783)
Named byTorbern Bergman (1781)
Main isotopes of tungsten
Iso­tope Abun­dance Half-life (t1/2) Decay mode Pro­duct
180W 0.12% 1.8×1018 y α 176Hf
181W syn 121.2 d ε 181Ta
182W 26.50% stable
183W 14.31% stable
184W 30.64% stable
185W syn 75.1 d β 185Re
186W 28.43% stable
| references

ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ (tungsten) ᱥᱮ ᱣᱚᱞᱯᱷᱨᱟᱢ (wolfram) ᱟᱮᱚᱨᱛ ᱥᱟᱨᱱᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱨᱩᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱚᱸᱛᱚᱨᱣᱚᱨᱛᱤ (transition group) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱤᱞᱤᱢᱮᱸᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱡᱟᱣ ᱟᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱫᱨᱚᱣᱭᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ ᱑᱘᱐, ᱑᱘᱒, ᱑᱘᱓, ᱑᱘᱔, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱘᱗ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱑᱘᱑, ᱑᱘᱕, ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱗ ᱫᱨᱚᱣᱭᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱮᱞᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱤᱭᱚ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱢᱤ ᱥᱚᱢᱚᱥᱛᱷᱟᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱨᱤᱛᱨᱤᱢ ᱥᱟᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

᱑᱘ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱟᱫᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠ ᱴᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮ ᱭᱚᱜᱤᱠ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱗᱘᱑ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮ (Scheele) ᱱᱟᱢᱟᱠ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱤᱫᱷ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱣᱤᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱱᱤᱛᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱣᱟᱜᱼᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱛᱩ ᱛᱭ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱥᱴᱤ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱛᱣᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ : ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ (Scheelite) ᱟᱨ ᱣᱚᱞᱯᱷᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ (wolframite) ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ - ᱠᱮᱞᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ, (CaWO4), ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱣᱚᱞᱯᱷᱨᱟᱢᱟᱭᱤᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱦ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱹᱜᱽᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱽᱥᱴᱮᱴ, (FeWO4. MnWO4), ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱸᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱚᱞ ᱮᱛᱚᱭ ᱵᱚᱨᱢᱟ, ᱪᱤᱱ, ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱ, ᱵᱚᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱭᱟ, ᱥᱟᱶ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱮᱞᱤᱭᱟ

ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱟᱭᱥᱟᱠ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱚᱸᱫᱨᱤᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱᱮᱴ, (Na2CO3), ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱢᱮᱥᱟ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱵᱷᱨᱲᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱜᱽᱵᱷᱟᱜᱽ ᱑᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱮᱴ (Na2WO4), ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱞᱚᱦ, ᱢᱮᱸᱜᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱯᱱᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱᱮᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞᱚᱜ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱥᱚᱰᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱮᱭ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱚᱸᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱩᱫᱟ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱤᱞᱮᱭ ᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱟᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱱᱚᱢ ᱩᱵᱽᱞᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱠᱞᱚᱨᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ, ᱦᱟᱠᱞᱚ (HCl), ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱰ ᱟᱣᱪᱷᱮᱯᱤᱛ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱡᱩᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱟᱣᱪᱷᱮᱯᱤᱛ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱨᱚᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱡᱩᱸᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱟᱥᱟᱝ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ (WO2), ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱦᱟᱭᱰᱨᱚᱡᱟᱱ ᱛᱮ ᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱣᱠᱟᱨᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱴᱟᱸᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱛᱩ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱢᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ

ᱦᱤᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ

  1. Meija, Juris; Coplen, Tyler B.; Berglund, Michael; Brand, Willi A.; De Bièvre, Paul; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Irrgeher, Johanna; Loss, Robert D.; Walczyk, Thomas; Prohaska, Thomas (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (help)
  2. Berger, Dan. "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?". Bluffton College, USA.
  3. Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 6-134. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
  4. Tolias P. (2017). "Analytical expressions for thermophysical properties of solid and liquid tungsten relevant for fusion applications". Nuclear Materials and Energy. 13: 42–57. arXiv:1703.06302. Bibcode:2017arXiv170306302T. doi:10.1016/j.nme.2017.08.002.
  5. Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds" (PDF). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0486-6.
  6. Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. p. E110. ISBN 978-0-8493-0464-4.
  7. Berger, Dan (February 25, 2000). "Why does Tungsten not 'Kick' up an electron from the s sublevel ?". Bluffton College, USA.