ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ
ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱱᱰᱷᱮᱡ (device) ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ, ᱤᱱᱥᱴᱨᱚᱠᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱫᱤ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭᱟ ᱾[᱑] ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱭ (semiconductor memory), ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱮᱴᱟᱞ-ᱚᱠᱥᱟᱭᱤᱰ-ᱥᱮᱢᱤᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ (MOS) ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱒][᱓] ᱚᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱞ (memory cells) ᱨᱮ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱟᱥᱚᱠᱟᱭᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ (primary storage) ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣ ᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱫᱚᱲ (high speed) ᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱚᱢ-ᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ-ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ (random access memory -RAM) ᱾ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ (secondary storage) ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱚᱨᱪᱩᱣᱟᱞ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ (virtual memory) ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱹᱭᱠᱟᱹᱛ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ ᱫᱚ "ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ" ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ "ᱥᱴᱚᱨ" ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱾[᱔]
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
᱑᱕᱗᱐ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱴᱮᱠᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱴ (byte) ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱢ ᱜᱟᱱᱚᱜ ᱰᱤᱡᱤᱴᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱮᱱᱤᱟᱠ (ENIAC) ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱚ ᱵᱷᱮᱠᱩᱢ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ (radio vacuum tube) ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱜᱮ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱦᱚᱵ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾
ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱠᱚᱣᱥᱴᱤᱠ ᱰᱤᱞᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ (acoustic delay line memory), ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱮᱹ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱯᱟᱨ ᱮᱠᱨᱮᱴ (J. Presper Eckert) ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱤᱞᱟᱹᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱭᱤᱯ (glass tube) ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱨᱠᱤᱭᱩᱨᱤ (mercury) ᱯᱮᱨᱮᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱭᱤᱯ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱞ (quartz crystal) ᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱴᱚᱨ ᱠᱚᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱰᱤᱞᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱰᱷᱮᱣ (sound waves) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱚᱨᱠᱭᱩᱨᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱩᱣᱟᱨᱡᱽ ᱠᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱨᱟᱱᱥᱰᱭᱩᱥᱚᱨ (transducer) ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤᱭᱟᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱤᱱᱯᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱭ ᱚᱞᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱦᱟᱡᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱴ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱜᱮᱭ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱰᱤᱞᱮ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱛᱮ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ (en:Williams tube) ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ (en:Selectron tube) ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱙᱔᱖ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ, ᱱᱩᱠᱤᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱤᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ ᱵᱤᱢ (electron beams) ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ ᱜᱤᱞᱟᱹᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱤᱯ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱠᱮᱛHᱚᱰ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ (en:cathode ray tube) ᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱱᱰᱚᱢ-ᱟᱠᱥᱮᱥ-ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ (ᱨᱟᱢ) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱠᱴᱨᱚᱱ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱣᱤᱞᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱴᱤᱭᱩᱵᱽ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱺᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱱ-ᱵᱷᱚᱞᱟᱴᱟᱭᱤᱞ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ (en:non-volatile memory) ᱧᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱴᱩ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ-ᱠᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ (en:Magnetic-core memory) ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱰᱮᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱰᱳ ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱰᱨᱤᱠ ᱣᱹ ᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮ (Frederick W. Viehe) ᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱣᱟᱝ (en:An Wang) ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱑᱙᱔᱐ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱑᱙᱕᱐ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱭ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱮᱥᱴᱟᱨ (en:Jay Forrester) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱱ ᱮᱹ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱪᱟᱢᱟᱱ (en:Jan A. Rajchman) ᱛᱤᱠᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱹᱨᱩ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟᱜᱮ ᱟᱫᱚ ᱑᱙᱕᱓ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱩᱣᱤᱨᱞᱣᱤᱱᱰ (Whirlwind) ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱢᱚᱨᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞᱟᱭᱤᱡᱽ (commercialised) ᱞᱮᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾[᱕] ᱢᱚᱥ ᱥᱮᱢᱤ-ᱠᱚᱱᱰᱚᱠᱴᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱜᱽᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱢᱚᱨᱤ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱟᱢᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾
Semiconductor memory began in the early 1960s with bipolar memory, which used bipolar transistors.[᱖] Bipolar semiconductor memory made from discrete devices was first shipped by Texas Instruments to the United States Air Force in 1961. The same year, the concept of solid-state memory on an integrated circuit (IC) chip was proposed by applications engineer Bob Norman at Fairchild Semiconductor.[᱗] The first bipolar semiconductor memory IC chip was the SP95 introduced by IBM in 1965.[᱖] While bipolar memory offered improved performance over magnetic-core memory, it could not compete with the lower price of magnetic-core, which remained dominant up until the late 1960s.[᱖] Bipolar memory failed to replace magnetic-core memory because bipolar flip-flop circuits were too large and expensive.[᱘]
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱛ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ- ↑ Hemmendinger, David (February 15, 2016). "Computer memory". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ↑ "The MOS Memory Market" (PDF). Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation. Smithsonian Institution. 1997. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ↑ "MOS Memory Market Trends" (PDF). Integrated Circuit Engineering Corporation. Smithsonian Institution. 1998. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
- ↑ A.M. Turing and R.A. Brooker (1952). Programmer's Handbook for Manchester Electronic Computer Mark II Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱔-᱐᱑-᱐᱒ at the Wayback Machine.. University of Manchester.
- ↑ "1953: Whirlwind computer debuts core memory". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
- ↑ ᱖.᱐ ᱖.᱑ ᱖.᱒ "1966: Semiconductor RAMs Serve High-speed Storage Needs". Computer History Museum. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
- ↑ "1953: Transistors make fast memories | The Storage Engine | Computer History Museum". www.computerhistory.org. Retrieved 2019-11-14.
- ↑ Orton, John W. (2009). Semiconductors and the Information Revolution: Magic Crystals that made IT Happen. Academic Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-08-096390-7.