ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ
ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱟᱭᱵᱚᱨ ᱯᱟᱠᱷᱛᱩᱱᱠᱷᱣᱟ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱔᱑᱐᱐ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾[᱑]
| Kalasha | |
|---|---|
| Kal'as'amondr, کالؕاشؕا | |
 | |
| ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ | Pakistan (Chitral District) |
| ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ | Kalasha Valleys |
| ᱡᱟᱹᱛ | Kalash |
ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ | Expression error: ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱴᱷᱤᱠᱚᱜᱠᱟᱱ ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ "᱒".[᱒] |
| Dialects | |
ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ | Arabic script, Latin script |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱳᱰ | |
| ISO 639-3 | kls |
| ᱜᱞᱳᱴᱳᱞᱳᱜᱽ | kala1372[᱓] |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ | 59-AAB-ab |
ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Kalash people ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱣᱟᱭᱜᱟᱞᱤ (ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ-ᱚᱞᱟ) ᱥᱟᱶ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱵᱚᱫᱽᱥᱟᱦ ᱢᱩᱱᱤᱨ ᱵᱷᱩᱠᱷᱟᱨᱤ (Badshah Munir Bukhari) ᱭ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ, "ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥ" ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱜᱟᱱᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱣᱮᱜᱚᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱯᱮᱪ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥ ᱵᱷᱮᱞᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮᱼᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ "ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱥ" ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱚᱲ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱣᱮᱜᱟᱞ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱥᱷᱟ ᱢᱩᱱ (ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱷᱟ) ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱨᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱞᱟᱥᱷᱟ ᱟᱞᱟ (ᱣᱟᱭᱜᱟᱞᱤ) ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱥᱩᱯᱩᱨ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱨᱟᱱᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱳᱨᱤᱭᱮᱱᱴᱟᱞᱤᱥᱴ ᱜᱳᱴᱞᱤᱵᱷ ᱣᱤᱞᱦᱮᱞᱢ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱴᱱᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱢᱚᱨᱜᱮᱱᱥᱴᱭᱟᱨᱱ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱵᱟᱥᱤᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣ ᱠᱚ ᱪᱟᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱠᱮᱞᱟᱥ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱨᱛᱥᱩᱱ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱐ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥ-ᱢᱩᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ-ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱨᱛᱥᱩᱱᱤᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱦᱟ.ᱴᱤᱧ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟᱦ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱨᱵᱮᱴᱤᱵᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱳᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱟᱨᱵᱷᱮᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱥᱯᱮᱨᱮᱴ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱱᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱨᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱤᱥᱴᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱞᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨ (ᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱮᱛ) ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱟᱣᱟ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱟᱨᱰᱤᱠ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱤᱪᱷᱩ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ ᱾
ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱷᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱱᱚᱞᱚᱡᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱴᱤᱯᱤᱠ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱞᱟᱭᱤᱱ, ᱞᱚᱝᱜ, ᱱᱟᱥᱟᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱴᱨᱳᱯᱷᱞᱮᱠᱥ ᱵᱷᱳᱠᱮᱞ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ (Heegård & Mørch ᱒᱐᱐᱔) ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱞᱟᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ:
ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ i˞ ĩ˞ | u ũ u˞ ũ˞ | |
| Mid | e ẽ e˞ ẽ˞ | o õ o˞ õ˞ | |
| Open | a ã a˞ ã˞ |
ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Postalveolar/ Palatal |
Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | (ɳ) | (ɲ) | (ŋ) | |||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | (q) | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɖ | ɡ | ||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||||
| breathy voiced | bʱ | dʱ | ɖʱ | ɡʱ | ||||
| Affricate | voiceless | ts | tʂ | tɕ | ||||
| voiced | dz | dʐ | dʑ | |||||
| aspirated | tsʰ | tʂʰ | tɕʰ | |||||
| breathy voiced | dʑʱ | |||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | ʂ | ɕ | (x) | h | ||
| voiced | z | ʐ | ʑ | (ɣ) | ||||
| Approximant | l ɫ | j | w | |||||
| Rhotic | r | (ɽ) | ||||||
ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱰᱟᱨᱰᱤᱠ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱦᱟ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱱᱮᱢᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱟᱞᱳᱯᱷᱳᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ, ᱡᱮᱢᱚᱱ /h/ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱱᱥᱚᱱᱟᱱᱴ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱚᱥᱴᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱔]
ᱯᱷᱳᱱᱮᱢ /x ɣ q/ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱳᱱ ᱣᱟᱨᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱟ.ᱲᱟ. ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ| English | Kalasha | Sanskrit | other Indo-Aryan languages |
|---|---|---|---|
| bone | athi, aṭhí | asthi | Hindi -; Nepali ā̃ṭh 'the ribs' |
| urine | mutra, mútra | mūtra | H. mūt; Assamese mut |
| village | grom | grama | H. gā̃w; A. gãü |
| rope | rajuk, raĵhú-k | rajju | H. lej, lejur; A. lezu |
| smoke | thum | dhūma | H. dhūā̃, dhuwā̃; A. dhü̃a |
| meat | mos | maṃsa | H. mā̃s, mās, māsā |
| dog | shua, śõ.'a | śvan | H. -; Sinhalese suvan |
| ant | pililak, pilílak | pipīla, pippīlika | H. pipṛā; A. pipora |
| son | put, putr | putra | H. pūt; A. put |
| long | driga, dríga | dīrgha | H. dīha; A. digha |
| eight | asht, aṣṭ | aṣṭā | H. āṭh; A. ath |
| broken | china, čhína | chinna | H. chīn-nā 'to snatch'; |
| kill | nash | nash, naś, naśyati | H. nā̆s 'destroy' |
ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱢᱩᱨᱟᱹᱭ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱵᱷᱚᱵ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱟᱨᱡᱚ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱮᱞᱟᱥ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱕]
ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ- ↑ https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03740463.2015.1069049 Acta Linguistica Hafniensia. 47 (sup1): 1–275. doi:10.1080/03740463.2015.1069049. ISSN 0374-0463. S2CID 218660179
- ↑ Kalasha at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Chitral Kalasha". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|chapterurl=ignored (help) - ↑ Edelman, D. I. (1983). The Dardic and Nuristani Languages. Moscow: (Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR). p. 202.
- ↑ R.T.Trail and G.R. Cooper, Kalasha Dictionary – with English and Urdu. National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Islamabad & Summer Institute of Linguistics, Dallas TX. 1999