ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ
ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱢᱟ ᱛᱚᱨᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱲᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱤᱝᱨᱟᱡᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠ (Logic, from the Ancient Greek: λογική, translit. logikḗ) ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱛᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ [᱑] ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱱᱩᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱶᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ , ᱢᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱤᱭᱩᱨᱚᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱬᱟ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱨᱤᱥᱴᱚᱴᱚᱞᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱛᱮᱫ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱶ ᱟᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱡᱩᱜᱽ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱥᱚᱱᱤᱠ ᱠᱚᱶᱟᱜ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱚᱥ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱚᱡᱤᱠ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱥᱲᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱮᱫᱷᱟᱛᱤᱛᱤ ᱜᱚᱶᱛᱚᱢ ᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱜ-ᱟ (c. 6th century BCE) ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱟᱪᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱦᱚᱸᱭ ᱚᱨ ᱟᱹᱜᱩ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱠᱚᱶᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱠᱩᱥᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱶᱟᱫ ᱟ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ- ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱵᱟᱵᱮᱡᱽ (Charles Babbage), ᱚᱜᱟᱥᱴᱟᱥ ᱰᱤ ᱢᱚᱨᱜᱟᱱ ( Augustus De Morgan) ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱵᱩᱞᱮ ( George Boole) ᱮᱢᱟᱱ ᱾
ᱯᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱫᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱠᱚᱢᱯᱩᱴᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ- An Outline for Verbal Logic
- Introductions and tutorials
- An Introduction to Philosophical Logic Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱔-᱐᱓ at the Wayback Machine., by Paul Newall, aimed at beginners.
- forall x: an introduction to formal logic, by P.D. Magnus, covers sentential and quantified logic.
- Logic Self-Taught: A Workbook Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱘-᱐᱕-᱒᱑ at the Wayback Machine. (originally prepared for on-line logic instruction).
- Nicholas Rescher. (1964). Introduction to Logic, St. Martin's Press.
- Essays
- "Symbolic Logic" and "The Game of Logic", Lewis Carroll, 1896.
- Math & Logic: The history of formal mathematical, logical, linguistic and methodological ideas. In The Dictionary of the History of Ideas.
- Online Tools
- Interactive Syllogistic Machine A web based syllogistic machine for exploring fallacies, figures, terms, and modes of syllogisms.
- Reference material
- Translation Tips Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱐-᱐᱓-᱐᱘ at the Wayback Machine., by Peter Suber, for translating from English into logical notation.
- Ontology and History of Logic. An Introduction with an annotated bibliography.
- Reading lists
- The London Philosophy Study Guide Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱖-᱒᱐ at the Wayback Machine. offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:
- Logic & Metaphysics Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱘-᱐᱗-᱑᱒ at the Wayback Machine.
- Set Theory and Further Logic Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱒-᱒᱗ at the Wayback Machine.
- Mathematical Logic Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱑-᱒᱕ at the Wayback Machine.
- The London Philosophy Study Guide Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱙-᱐᱖-᱒᱐ at the Wayback Machine. offers many suggestions on what to read, depending on the student's familiarity with the subject:
ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ- ↑ E.g., Kline (1972, p. 53) wrote "A major achievement of Aristotle was the founding of the science of logic".