ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ

ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ
	A real-color image taken by Mariner 10 in newly processed view (8 June 2020); the surface is obscured by thick sulfuric acid clouds
Designations
Pronunciation	/ˈviːnəs/
Orbital characteristics
	Epoch J2000
Aphelion	0.728213 AU; 108,939,000 km;
Perihelion	0.718440 AU; 107,477,000 km;
Semi-major axis	0.723332 AU; 108,208,000 km;
Eccentricity	0.006772
Orbital period	224.701 d; 0.615198 yr; 1.92 Venus solar day;
Synodic period	583.92 days
Average orbital speed	35.02 km/s
Mean anomaly	50.115°
Inclination	3.39458° to ecliptic; 3.86° to Sun's equator; 2.19° to invariable plane;
Longitude of ascending node	76.680°
Argument of perihelion	54.884°
Satellites	None
Physical characteristics
Mean radius	6,051.8±1.0 km; 0.9499 Earths;
Flattening	0
Surface area	4.6023×108 km2; 0.902 Earths;
Volume	9.2843×1011 km3; 0.866 Earths;
Mass	4.8675×1024 kg; 0.815 Earths;
Mean density	5.243 g/cm3
Surface gravity	8.87 m/s2; 0.904 g;
Escape velocity	10.36 km/s (6.44 mi/s)
Sidereal rotation period	−243.025 d (retrograde)
Equatorial rotation velocity	6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)
Axial tilt	2.64° (for retrograde rotation)
North pole right ascension	ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:RA; 272.76°;
North pole declination	67.16°
Albedo	0.689 (geometric); 0.76 (Bond);
Apparent magnitude	−4.92 to −2.98
Angular diameter	9.7″–66.0″
Atmosphere
Surface pressure	92 bar (9.2 MPa); 91 atm
Composition by volume	96.5% carbon dioxide; 3.5% nitrogen; 0.015% sulfur dioxide; 0.0070% argon; 0.0020% water vapour; 0.0017% carbon monoxide; 0.0012% helium; 0.0007% neon; Trace carbonyl sulfide; Trace hydrogen chloride; Trace hydrogen fluoride;

ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱫ ᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱰᱮᱦᱮᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱚᱴᱚᱢᱥᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱹᱝ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱳᱨᱵᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱜᱟᱰᱟ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱱᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ" ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱤᱫ "ᱦᱟᱯᱛᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱷᱚᱠ" ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ^[᱒]^[᱓]ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱧᱮᱧᱮᱞ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱡᱟᱜᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮᱭᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱟᱥᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱴᱠᱮᱴᱚᱬᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱮ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟᱱ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱸᱜᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱬ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱾

ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱮᱴᱚᱥᱯᱷᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱚᱞᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱵᱚᱱ ᱰᱟᱭᱠᱥᱟᱭᱰ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱥᱟᱞᱯᱷᱟᱨᱤᱠ ᱮᱥᱤᱰᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱚᱠᱨᱚ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱴᱨᱤᱢ ᱜᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴ (greenhouse effect) ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱗᱗᱓ K (᱔᱖᱔ °C; ᱘᱖᱗ °F) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱟᱴᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱙᱒ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱨᱩᱥᱤᱝ ᱯᱨᱮᱥᱚᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱩᱯᱚᱨᱠᱨᱤᱛᱤᱠᱟᱞ ᱯᱷᱞᱭᱩᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱕᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚᱢᱤᱴᱚᱨ (᱓᱐ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ, ᱴᱮᱢᱯᱚᱨᱟᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱥᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱰᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱱᱟᱦᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱩᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱤᱠᱣᱤᱰ ᱥᱟᱨᱯᱷᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱱᱣᱮ ᱜᱨᱤᱱᱦᱟᱣᱩᱥ ᱮᱯᱷᱮᱠᱴ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱔] ^[᱕] ^[᱖]ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱮᱴ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱳᱨ, ᱢᱟᱱᱴᱤᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱨᱚᱥᱴ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱮᱠᱴᱤᱵᱷ ᱵᱩᱞᱠᱟᱱᱤᱥᱢ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱤᱱᱴᱟᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱦᱤᱴ ᱵᱮᱵᱚᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱞᱮᱴ ᱴᱮᱠᱴᱚᱱᱤᱠᱥ (plate tectonics) ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱨᱮᱥᱯᱮᱨᱪᱤᱝ (resurfacing) ᱛᱮ ᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱩᱯ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱱᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ Jldi ᱨᱮ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ᱾^[᱗]^[᱘]

ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱞᱜᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱵᱤᱴᱟᱞ ᱰᱟᱭᱨᱮᱠᱥᱚᱱ (ᱨᱮᱴᱨᱚᱜᱨᱟᱰ) ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱟᱡᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱵᱟᱝ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱲ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱳᱴᱮᱥᱚᱱ ᱒᱒᱔.᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱩᱲᱟᱹᱭ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ (ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱹᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱑᱑᱗ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱤᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱚᱨᱡᱚ ᱮᱢᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱵᱤᱴᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱮᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱑.᱖ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱱᱚᱰᱤᱠ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱝ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱸᱣ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ, ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱩᱨᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱯᱞᱟᱱᱴ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱨᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱳᱞᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱥᱴᱮᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱡᱟᱭᱜᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱮᱸᱜᱮᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱮᱱᱚᱜ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ

ᱥᱟ.ᱠᱷᱭᱟ.ᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ

↑ "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics". NASA. 5 November 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2015.
↑ "The Shadow of Venus". web.archive.org. 2012-06-11. Archived from the original on 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
↑ "Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight". www.fourmilab.ch. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
↑ "The new solar system | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2023-08-14.
↑ Hashimoto, George L.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Sugita, Seiji; Gilmore, Martha S.; Kamp, Lucas W.; Carlson, Robert W.; Baines, Kevin H. (2008-12-31). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data". Journal of Geophysical Research (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 113. doi:10.1029/2008JE003134. ISSN 0148-0227.
↑ #author.fullName}. "Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?". New Scientist (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2023-08-14. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
↑ "Moons". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2023-08-14.
↑ "Overview | Moons – NASA Solar System Exploration". web.archive.org. 2019-10-19. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19. Retrieved 2023-08-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

[1] "Planets and Pluto: Physical Characteristics". NASA. 5 November 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2015.

[2] "The Shadow of Venus". web.archive.org. 2012-06-11. Archived from the original on 2012-06-11. Retrieved 2023-08-14.

[3] "Viewing Venus in Broad Daylight". www.fourmilab.ch. Retrieved 2023-08-14.

[4] "The new solar system | WorldCat.org". www.worldcat.org (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2023-08-14.

[5] Hashimoto, George L.; Roos-Serote, Maarten; Sugita, Seiji; Gilmore, Martha S.; Kamp, Lucas W.; Carlson, Robert W.; Baines, Kevin H. (2008-12-31). "Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data". Journal of Geophysical Research (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). 113. doi:10.1029/2008JE003134. ISSN 0148-0227.

[6] #author.fullName}. "Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?". New Scientist (in ᱟᱢᱮᱨᱤᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Retrieved 2023-08-14. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)

[7] "Moons". NASA Solar System Exploration. Retrieved 2023-08-14.

[8] "Overview | Moons – NASA Solar System Exploration". web.archive.org. 2019-10-19. Archived from the original on 2019-10-19. Retrieved 2023-08-14.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)

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