ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ (᱑᱘᱙᱖ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ)
ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ (ᱫᱟ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱥ , ᱫᱟ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥᱼᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱠᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱩᱭᱰᱤᱣᱳ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ) ᱑᱘᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘ ᱥᱮᱠᱮᱱᱰ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱭ ᱤᱨᱣᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱠᱮᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱥᱠᱤᱞ ᱫᱤ ᱣᱤᱰᱩ ᱡᱳᱱᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱩᱥ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱤᱱᱟᱠᱴᱤᱝ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱴᱟᱢᱟᱥ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱭᱞᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱦᱟᱭᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱟᱞᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱘᱙᱖ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱠᱤᱱ ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱚᱨᱟᱥᱴᱨᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱳᱭᱮᱹᱥᱴ ᱳᱨᱮᱹᱧᱡᱼᱱᱤᱭᱩ ᱡᱟᱨᱥᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱟᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱥᱴᱤᱭᱩᱫᱤᱭᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟᱭ ᱾
| ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ | |
|---|---|
| ᱫᱤᱥᱟᱹ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱤᱡ | William Heise |
| Starring | May Irwin John Rice |
| Distributed by | Thomas A. Edison, Inc. |
Release date | April–May 1896 |
Running time | 18 seconds |
| ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ | United States |
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ | Silent |
᱑᱙᱙᱙ ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱭᱩᱱᱟᱭᱮᱴᱰ ᱥᱴᱮᱴ ᱞᱟᱭᱤᱵᱽᱨᱟᱨᱤ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱠᱚᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱥ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱫᱚ " ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ " ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱡᱤᱥᱴᱨᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱪᱷᱱᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱑][᱒]
ᱯᱟᱴ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
- ᱩᱭᱰᱳ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱪᱩᱨᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ
- ᱵᱤᱞᱤ ᱵᱟᱭᱤᱠᱥ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱟᱭᱥ
ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱵᱞᱟᱠ ᱢᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱩᱴ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫᱽᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾
ᱨᱤᱞᱤᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱢᱩᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱛ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ 1896 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ ᱥᱮ ᱢᱮ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱳ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱷᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱭᱳᱨᱠ ᱳᱣᱟᱨᱞᱰ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱮᱥᱯᱳᱥᱟᱨ ᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱢᱚᱜ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱭᱤᱥ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱛᱮ ᱴᱷᱟᱶᱨᱮ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱮᱲ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱟᱹᱫᱽ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱵᱤᱵᱩᱫᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱲᱦᱟᱣᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱟ ᱩᱭᱰᱤᱳ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱥᱮᱨᱮᱧ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮ ᱨᱤᱠᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ 3 ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱴᱟᱥᱠᱳᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾[᱓]
ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱥ ᱯᱷᱨᱳᱦᱟᱢᱮᱱ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱡᱮ " ᱤᱧ ' ᱫᱟ ᱩᱭᱰᱤᱣᱳ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ' ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱥ ᱟᱨᱩᱭᱤᱱ ᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱦᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱩᱭᱦᱟᱹᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱛᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱮᱰᱥᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱯᱷ ᱫᱚ ' ᱫᱟ ᱩᱭᱰᱳᱣ ᱡᱩᱱᱥ ' ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱴᱷᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱥᱚᱨᱴ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾
ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱫᱩᱜᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ 2020 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮ 7ᱹ50 ᱰᱚᱞᱟᱨ (232) ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱤᱧ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ 1896 ᱥᱟᱹᱦᱤᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱨᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱥᱳ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱨᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱱᱚᱡᱞᱟᱝ ᱡᱩᱨᱤᱭ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱞᱳᱡᱽᱼᱯ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱮ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱦᱩᱫᱽᱫᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱾ ᱪᱩᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱧᱮᱞᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱵᱚᱞᱤᱱ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱨᱩᱢᱮᱱ ᱠᱮᱛᱷᱳᱞᱤᱠ ᱪᱟᱨᱪ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱚᱨᱥᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱩᱛᱷᱤᱠ ᱟᱨᱩᱼᱥᱚᱨᱯᱷᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ , ᱚᱡᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱪᱩᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱷᱟᱹᱛᱤᱨ ᱛᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾[᱔]
ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛ ᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱞᱟᱹᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱹᱲ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱰᱚᱜᱚᱨ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱞᱼᱫᱩᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱥᱤᱜᱤᱞ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱩᱞᱤᱥ ᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱚᱠᱛᱟᱣᱟᱱ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ " ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱟᱜ ᱳᱣᱛᱷ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱪᱚᱨᱪᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱴᱮᱡ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱳᱨᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱯᱚᱨᱤᱢᱟᱱᱨᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱮ ᱫᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱨᱮᱛᱮ ᱩᱫᱩᱜ ᱥᱚᱫᱚᱨ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱝᱼᱵᱩᱴᱟᱹ ᱾[᱕]
ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱰᱮᱱᱜᱽᱞᱟᱨ (᱑᱙᱗᱙) ᱤᱫᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱨᱱᱟᱞ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱚᱯᱩᱞᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱤᱞᱢ ᱮᱱᱰ ᱴᱮᱞᱤᱵᱷᱤᱡᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱨᱠᱟᱥ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱟᱸᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾[᱖]
ᱮᱰᱤᱥᱚᱱ ᱠᱟᱴᱟᱞᱳᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱪᱷᱟᱹᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟᱭ " ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱪᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱮᱦᱚᱵ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾
ᱦᱩᱭᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱪᱚᱞᱚᱛᱪᱤᱛᱟᱹᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱚᱥᱞᱟ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱪᱩᱢᱚᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱴᱮᱠᱼᱳᱯᱷ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱡᱟᱦᱟ ᱢᱩᱫᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱥᱚᱢᱛᱤᱝ ᱜᱳᱰᱼᱱᱤᱜᱨᱳ ᱠᱤᱥ (1898) ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ ᱤᱱ ᱫᱟ ᱴᱟᱱᱮᱞ (1899) ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟ ᱠᱤᱥ (1900) ᱾[᱗]
ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
- ᱜᱽᱨᱟᱦᱟᱢᱼᱥᱤᱢᱤᱛ ᱥᱮᱛᱷ, ᱫᱟ ᱵᱤᱜ ᱵᱚᱠ ᱚᱯᱷ ᱯᱳᱨᱱᱳ, ᱟᱭᱹ ᱮᱥᱹᱵᱤᱹᱱ 1ᱼ59474 - 040ᱼ2
ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
- ↑ "Preserving the Silver Screen (December 1999) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin". www.loc.gov. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ↑ "Complete National Film Registry Listing". Library of Congress. Retrieved 2020-11-18.
- ↑ "The Vitascope". The Buffalo Commercial. June 8, 1896. p. 11. Archived from the original on November 26, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Sex in Cinema: Pre-1920s
- ↑ The Chap-book, Volume 5, Number 5, July 15, 1896
- ↑ Dengler, Ralph S.J. (1979). "The First Screen Kiss and "The Cry of Censorship"". Journal of Popular Film and Television. 7 (3): 267–272. doi:10.1080/01956051.1979.9944202.
- ↑ "Brief Descriptions and Expanded Essays of National Film Registry Titles". Film Registry - National Film Preservation Board - Library of Congress. Retrieved 2018-12-26.