ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ

Andamanese
	Members of an unspecified Andamanese tribe fishing in ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱩᱴᱤ 1870
ᱜᱩᱴ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ
	ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱩᱴᱤ over 500
ᱰᱷᱮᱨ ᱧᱚᱜ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱮᱞ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ
	India; Andaman Islands
ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ
	Great Andamanese languages; Ongan languages (Onge, Jarawa); Sentinelese
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ
	Andamanese animism

ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱱᱤᱠᱚᱵᱚᱨ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱮᱝᱜᱚᱞ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱧᱮ-ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱝᱵᱤᱫᱷᱟᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱪᱷᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱾^[᱗]^[᱘]

ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱱᱮᱜᱨᱤᱛᱳ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱥᱮ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱨᱥᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱧᱩ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱥ-ᱵᱟᱥ ᱡᱤᱭᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱟᱹᱜᱩᱭᱮᱜ-ᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱮ ᱥᱟᱺᱜᱤᱧ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟᱨᱮ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱜᱽᱞᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱞ ᱢᱚᱠᱥᱚᱢ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱚᱨᱭᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ

᱑᱘ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ, ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱨᱤᱪᱟᱹᱞᱤ, ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱮᱱᱮᱴᱤᱠᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱱᱟᱯᱟᱭ ᱨᱟᱹᱥᱠᱟᱹ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱱᱚᱝᱠᱟ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ-ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱤᱡᱮᱨᱟᱜ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱛᱷᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱛᱮ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱙]

ᱣᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ

ᱪᱳᱵᱮᱭ ᱟᱨ ᱮᱱᱰᱤᱠᱳᱴ (᱒᱐᱑᱓) ᱭᱚᱡᱱᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱫᱤᱯᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱒᱖,᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾^[᱑᱐]^{[note ᱒]} Wang et al ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ (2011)^[᱑᱑]

ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ

ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ :

ᱡᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ^[᱘]
ᱚᱸᱜᱮ/ᱚᱝᱜᱮ
ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤ^[᱑᱒]^[᱑᱓]
ᱥᱮᱱᱴᱤᱱᱮᱞᱮᱥ^[᱑᱔]

An Andamanese family on the Great Andaman island in 2006.

ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ

ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱩᱱᱭᱟᱹ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱤᱣᱨᱳᱯᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱰᱨᱟᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱼᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱴᱤᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱤᱱᱳᱼᱛᱤᱵᱵᱵᱚᱛᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱾^[᱑᱕]

ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ, ᱡᱮᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱳᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱤᱱᱫᱳᱼᱯᱟᱥᱯᱷᱤᱠ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱖] ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱱᱤᱛᱚᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ - ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱡᱚᱲᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱸᱡᱽ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ: ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱟᱨ ᱳᱝᱜᱟᱱ ᱾^[᱑᱗]

ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ

᱒᱐ ᱟᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱚᱦᱚᱵ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱᱥ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ/ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱜᱩᱴ

ᱱᱤᱩᱡᱽ ᱰᱮᱥᱠ ᱺ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱨᱮ, ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ ᱱᱤᱩᱡᱽ ᱰᱮᱥᱠ ᱺ ᱒᱐᱑᱙ ᱥᱟ. ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱟᱹᱢᱤ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱦᱩᱲᱩ ᱪᱟᱥ, ᱪᱟᱥ ᱵᱟᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱧᱩ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱣᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱷᱟᱸᱰᱟᱣ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱥ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱨᱩᱯ, ᱟᱫᱽᱡᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱦᱟᱨᱯᱩᱱᱟ᱾ ᱑᱙ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱱᱰᱟᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱪᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱰᱤᱧ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱛᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱜᱩᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱞᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾^[᱑᱘]

ᱠᱚᱲᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱤᱵᱤᱥᱠᱩᱥ ᱯᱷᱟᱭᱵᱟᱨ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱝᱜᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱪᱟᱥᱵᱟᱥ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱲᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱠᱚᱨᱟᱣ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱯᱟᱦᱴᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱠᱩᱲᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ-ᱟ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱵᱷᱤᱰᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱦᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱾ ᱲᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱚᱞ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱫᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱚᱴ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱧᱩᱨᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱹᱫᱤᱵᱟᱹᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱥᱮ ᱛᱟᱹᱠᱤᱱᱟᱜ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱨᱮᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱚᱲᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱑᱙]

ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ

ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ

"Scarification pattern among the Great Andamanese in the late 19th century. Nothing is known of the origins or antiquity of this custom among the Andamanese."

ᱱᱳᱴ

↑ Because of their complete isolation, nearly nothing is known about the Sentinelese language, which is therefore unclassified.^[᱑]^[᱒]^[᱓] It has been recorded that the Jarawa language is mutually unintelligible with the Sentinelese language.^[᱑]^[᱔] There is uncertainty as to the range of overlap with the Onge language, if any.^[᱕] The Anthropological Survey of India's 2016 handbook on Vulnerable Tribe Groups considers them mutually unintelligible.^[᱖]
↑ Chaubey and Endicott (2013):^[᱑᱐]
* "these estimates suggest that the Andamans were settled less than ~26 ka and that differentiation between the ancestors of the Onge and Great Andamanese commenced in the Terminal Pleistocene." (p.167)
* "In conclusion, we find no support for the settlement of the Andaman Islands by a population descending from the initial out-of-Africa migration of humans, or their immediate descendants in South Asia. It is clear that, overall, the Onge are more closely related to Southeast Asians than they are to present-day South Asians." (p.167)

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ ^᱑.᱐ ^᱑.᱑ Zide, Norman; Pandya, Vishvajit (1989). "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (4): 639–651. doi:10.2307/604090. JSTOR 604090.
↑ Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Routledge. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0. Archived from the original on 18 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2021. Retrieved 16 ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ 2019.
↑ "Chapter 8: The Tribes". 5 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2013. Archived from the original on 7 ᱢᱮ 2013. Retrieved 5 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2018.
↑ Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2014. The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.
↑ There Pandit, T. N. (1990). The Sentinelese. Kolkata: Seagull Books. p. 21–22. ISBN 978-81-7046-081-7. OCLC 24438323.
↑ "North Sentinel". The Bay of Bengal Pilot. Admiralty. London: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. 1887. p. 257. OCLC 557988334. Archived from the original on 17 ᱢᱮ 2016. Retrieved 5 ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 2019.
↑ "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2013. Retrieved 15 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2013.
↑ ^᱘.᱐ ^᱘.᱑ "Table A-11 (Appendix) DISTRICT WISE SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION (FOR EACH TRIBE SEPARATELY)" (XLSX). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (XLSX) on 12 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2021.
↑ ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cite wikisource
↑ ^᱑᱐.᱐ ^᱑᱐.᱑ Chaubey G, Endicott P (2013). "The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 153–72. doi:10.3378/027.085.0307. PMID 24297224. S2CID 7774927.
↑ Wang HW, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Palanichamy MG, Kong QP, Zhang YP (ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic". Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 38 (3): 117–22. doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2011.02.005. PMID 21477783.
↑ "Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies". The Daily Telegraph. London. 5 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2010. Retrieved 3 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2017.
↑ "Lives Remembered: Boa Sr". The Daily Telegraph. 10 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2010. Archived from the original on 13 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2010. Retrieved 22 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2010.
↑ van Driem G (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4, ... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...
↑ Zide N, Pandya V (1989). "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (4): 639–651. doi:10.2307/604090. JSTOR 604090.
↑ Blevins J (2007). "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian?: Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands". Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (1): 154–198. doi:10.1353/ol.2007.0015. S2CID 143141296. ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Project MUSE ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:ProQuest.
↑ Abbi A (2013). A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study (PDF). Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004246126. ISBN 978-90-04-24612-6.ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Page needed
↑ Bordes F (2003). Leçons sur le Paléolithique. CNRS Éditions. p. 229. ISBN 978-2-271-05836-2. Récemment encore les Indigènes des îles Andaman ne savaient pas allumer le feu, et le conservaient dans des caches, qu'ils rallumaient à l'occasion avec des brandons empruntés aux peuples voisins.
↑ Man EH, Ellis AJ (1 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 1932). The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. Mittal Publications.

ᱵᱟᱦᱨᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

[7] Because of their complete isolation, nearly nothing is known about the Sentinelese language, which is therefore unclassified.^[᱑]^[᱒]^[᱓] It has been recorded that the Jarawa language is mutually unintelligible with the Sentinelese language.^[᱑]^[᱔] There is uncertainty as to the range of overlap with the Onge language, if any.^[᱕] The Anthropological Survey of India's 2016 handbook on Vulnerable Tribe Groups considers them mutually unintelligible.^[᱖]

[12] Chaubey and Endicott (2013):^[᱑᱐]
* "these estimates suggest that the Andamans were settled less than ~26 ka and that differentiation between the ancestors of the Onge and Great Andamanese commenced in the Terminal Pleistocene." (p.167)
* "In conclusion, we find no support for the settlement of the Andaman Islands by a population descending from the initial out-of-Africa migration of humans, or their immediate descendants in South Asia. It is clear that, overall, the Onge are more closely related to Southeast Asians than they are to present-day South Asians." (p.167)

[ZAZA-1] ᱑.᱐ ^᱑.᱑ Zide, Norman; Pandya, Vishvajit (1989). "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (4): 639–651. doi:10.2307/604090. JSTOR 604090.

[2] Moseley, Christopher (2007). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages (in ᱟᱝᱜᱽᱨᱮᱡᱤ). Routledge. p. 342. ISBN 978-0-7007-1197-0. Archived from the original on 18 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2021. Retrieved 16 ᱚᱜᱚᱥᱴ 2019.

[3] "Chapter 8: The Tribes". 5 ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ 2013. Archived from the original on 7 ᱢᱮ 2013. Retrieved 5 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2018.

[4] Enumeration of Primitive Tribes in A&N Islands: A Challenge (PDF) (Report). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2014. The first batch could identify 31 Sentinelese. The second batch could count altogether 39 Sentinelese consisting of male and female adults, children and infants. During both the contacts the enumeration team tried to communicate with them through some Jarawa words and gestures, but, Sentinelese could not understand those verbal words.

[5] There Pandit, T. N. (1990). The Sentinelese. Kolkata: Seagull Books. p. 21–22. ISBN 978-81-7046-081-7. OCLC 24438323.

[Pilot1887-6] "North Sentinel". The Bay of Bengal Pilot. Admiralty. London: United Kingdom Hydrographic Office. 1887. p. 257. OCLC 557988334. Archived from the original on 17 ᱢᱮ 2016. Retrieved 5 ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 2019.

[8] "List of notified Scheduled Tribes" (PDF). Census India. p. 27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2013. Retrieved 15 ᱰᱤᱥᱮᱢᱵᱚᱨ 2013.

[:2-9] ᱘.᱐ ^᱘.᱑ "Table A-11 (Appendix) DISTRICT WISE SCHEDULED TRIBE POPULATION (FOR EACH TRIBE SEPARATELY)" (XLSX). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (XLSX) on 12 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2021.

[10] ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Cite wikisource

[Chabey-Endicott2103-11] ᱑᱐.᱐ ^᱑᱐.᱑ Chaubey G, Endicott P (2013). "The Andaman Islanders in a regional genetic context: reexamining the evidence for an early peopling of the archipelago from South Asia". Human Biology. 85 (1–3): 153–72. doi:10.3378/027.085.0307. PMID 24297224. S2CID 7774927.

[Wang2011-13] Wang HW, Mitra B, Chaudhuri TK, Palanichamy MG, Kong QP, Zhang YP (ᱢᱟᱨᱪ 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA evidence supports northeast Indian origin of the aboriginal Andamanese in the Late Paleolithic". Journal of Genetics and Genomics = Yi Chuan Xue Bao. 38 (3): 117–22. doi:10.1016/j.jgg.2011.02.005. PMID 21477783.

[telegraph3-14] "Language lost as last member of Andaman tribe dies". The Daily Telegraph. London. 5 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2010. Retrieved 3 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2017.

[telegraph22-15] "Lives Remembered: Boa Sr". The Daily Telegraph. 10 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2010. Archived from the original on 13 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2010. Retrieved 22 ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽᱨᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 2010.

[vanDriem20012-16] van Driem G (2001), Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region: Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4, ... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...

[:3-17] Zide N, Pandya V (1989). "A Bibliographical Introduction to Andamanese Linguistics". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 109 (4): 639–651. doi:10.2307/604090. JSTOR 604090.

[18] Blevins J (2007). "A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian?: Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands". Oceanic Linguistics. 46 (1): 154–198. doi:10.1353/ol.2007.0015. S2CID 143141296. ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Project MUSE ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:ProQuest.

[19] Abbi A (2013). A Grammar of the Great Andamanese Language: An Ethnolinguistic Study (PDF). Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004246126. ISBN 978-90-04-24612-6.ᱪᱷᱟᱸᱪ:Page needed

[Bordes-20] Bordes F (2003). Leçons sur le Paléolithique. CNRS Éditions. p. 229. ISBN 978-2-271-05836-2. Récemment encore les Indigènes des îles Andaman ne savaient pas allumer le feu, et le conservaient dans des caches, qu'ils rallumaient à l'occasion avec des brandons empruntés aux peuples voisins.

[21] Man EH, Ellis AJ (1 ᱡᱟᱱᱩᱣᱟᱨᱤ 1932). The Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Andaman Islands. Mittal Publications.

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