ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ

ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱾^[᱑] ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱴᱩ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚᱭ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱱᱟ ᱑᱙᱗᱔ ᱥᱟᱞᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱝᱜᱚᱞᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱨᱮ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱒᱗,᱐᱖᱐ (᱑᱓.᱕ ᱴᱚᱱ) ᱟᱨ ᱩᱥᱩᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱑᱓ ᱯᱷᱩᱴ ᱘ ᱤᱸᱪ ᱾ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱞᱪᱷᱟᱹ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱾

ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱛᱚᱨᱟ ᱑᱐᱐ ᱠᱤᱞᱚ ᱜᱟᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱯᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱒᱒ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱱᱟᱹᱜ ᱫᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱤᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱦᱟᱨᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱤᱨ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱸᱫᱽ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱜᱷᱟᱨᱚᱡᱽ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱟᱹᱭ ᱛᱚᱯᱚᱞ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱟᱣ ᱵᱷᱟᱣ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱸᱴ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱞᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱵᱟᱹᱭ ᱥᱟᱰᱮ ᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱜᱟᱞᱢᱟᱨᱟᱣᱟ, ᱢᱟᱹᱱᱢᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱠᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱯᱟᱸᱡᱚᱢ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱥᱟᱹᱜᱤᱧ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱾ ^[᱒] ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱦᱟᱨᱛᱟ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱹᱦᱩ ᱟᱠᱚᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾

ᱜᱚᱲᱦᱚᱱ

ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱭᱟᱹᱞᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱯᱩᱱ ᱡᱟᱸᱜᱟ, ᱵᱟᱨ ᱢᱮᱫ, ᱢᱤᱫ ᱪᱟᱭᱞᱚᱢ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱱᱯᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱸᱴ (trunk) ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱚᱝ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱮᱸᱫᱮ ᱠᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱡᱚᱝ ᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱸᱴ-ᱢᱚᱴ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱥᱟᱺᱦᱤᱡ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱲᱟᱢᱟᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱛ-ᱞᱩᱛ ᱦᱟᱢᱟᱞ ᱜᱮ ᱾

ᱥᱩᱸᱴ

ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱚᱛᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱟᱹᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱴᱤᱧ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱥᱩᱸᱴ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱸᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱟ, ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱞᱩᱴᱤ ᱛᱮ ᱛᱮᱭᱟᱨ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱸᱴ ᱛᱚ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱱᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱱᱤᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱵ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱵᱷᱟᱨᱟ, ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ,ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱡᱚᱢᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱤᱞ ᱠᱮᱴᱮᱡ ᱟᱨ ᱫᱟᱹᱵᱽᱲᱩ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱩᱸᱴ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱟᱹᱬ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱱᱥᱤᱴᱤᱵᱽ (sensitive) ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱠᱟᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱦᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ, ᱪᱮᱫᱟᱜ ᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱩᱡ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱩᱸᱴ ᱠᱚᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱟᱴᱷᱟ ᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱸᱴᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ^[᱓] ^[᱔]

ᱰᱟᱴᱟ

ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱫᱟᱸᱛᱟ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱤᱢᱤᱱ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱜᱚᱡ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱹᱠᱷᱨᱩᱧ ᱮᱫᱼᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛ ᱱᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱸᱫᱽᱨᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱟᱱᱟ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱸᱴ ᱛᱩᱞ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱯᱷᱚᱸ~ᱯᱷᱚᱸ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱰᱮᱭᱟ ᱾

ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱫ

ᱴᱷᱟᱶ ᱡᱟᱹᱱᱤ ᱱᱩᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱫ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱜᱮᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱟᱠ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱛᱟᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱩᱱᱠᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ, ᱰᱟᱹᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱟᱥ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱚᱢᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱣᱚ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱥᱤᱨ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱞᱤᱸᱡᱤᱜᱼᱟ ᱦᱚᱲᱢᱚ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱾ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱢᱮᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱩᱱᱠᱩᱣᱟᱜ ᱞᱩᱛᱩᱨ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱭᱟᱢ ᱫᱟᱲ ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟᱱ, ᱟᱠᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱲᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨ ᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱸᱰᱤ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱡᱤᱞᱤᱧ ᱰᱟᱴᱟ ᱚᱰᱚᱠ ᱠᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱤᱱ ᱦᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱟᱸᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱥᱩᱢᱩᱝ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱱᱟ ᱾

ᱡᱟᱱᱟᱢ

ᱮᱵᱷᱳᱞᱩᱥᱚᱱ ᱑᱘᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱳᱥᱠᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱤᱛᱨᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱟᱧᱪᱟᱣ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱳᱥᱠᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱯᱟᱨᱚᱢᱮᱱ ᱯᱟᱞᱮᱭᱳᱥᱤᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱯᱨᱳᱵᱳᱥᱠᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ, ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱤᱨᱤᱛᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱥᱯᱷᱮᱴᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱤᱭᱳᱥᱮᱱ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱱᱩᱢᱤᱰᱳᱛᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ, ᱢᱳᱮᱨᱤᱛᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱛᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱩᱠᱩ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱳᱭᱨᱤᱛᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱟᱨᱤᱛᱷᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟᱢ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱮ-ᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱡᱟᱱᱣᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ, ᱯᱷᱤᱭᱚᱢᱤᱭᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱯᱟᱞᱮᱭᱚᱢᱟᱥᱴᱚᱰᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱱᱟᱣ ᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱫᱚ ᱵᱟᱹᱲᱛᱤ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸᱫ ᱾ ᱳᱞᱤᱜᱳᱥᱤᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱯᱨᱚᱵᱳᱥᱠᱤᱰᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱜᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱯᱷᱨᱤᱠᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱨᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ Eritreum melakeghebrekristosi ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱳ ᱵᱟᱵᱟ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾

ᱱᱤᱛ ᱚᱵᱚᱥᱛᱟ

ᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ

Pure Nature: Are Elephants Headed Toward Extinction? YouTube video by AlliantContent
ElephantVoices—information about elephant communication
Absolut elephant - general information
Tim Radford: "The elephant time forgot" Archived ᱒᱐᱐᱔-᱐᱘-᱒᱙ at the Wayback Machine.,

ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ

↑ http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/african-elephant.html%7Ctitle=African Elephant
↑ http://www.animalfactguide.com/animal-facts/african-elephant
↑ http://news.discovery.com/animals/hungry-elephants-are-no-match-for-fearless-ants.html#mkcpgn=rssnws1 Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱐-᱑᱑-᱒᱓ at the Wayback Machine. |title=Hungry Elephants Are No Match for Fearless Ants : Discovery News
↑ Mutualism with ants occur on Acacia trees in Africa, such as the Whistling Thorn acacia. The acacias provide shelter for ants in the thorns and nectar in extrafloral nectaries for their symbiotic ants such as Crematogaster mimosae. In turn, the ants protect the plant by attacking large mammalian herbivores and stem-boring beetles which damage the plant.

[1] ttp://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/african-elephant.html%7Ctitle=African Elephant

[2] ttp://www.animalfactguide.com/animal-facts/african-elephant

[3] ttp://news.discovery.com/animals/hungry-elephants-are-no-match-for-fearless-ants.html#mkcpgn=rssnws1 Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱐-᱑᱑-᱒᱓ at the Wayback Machine. |title=Hungry Elephants Are No Match for Fearless Ants : Discovery News

[4] Mutualism with ants occur on Acacia trees in Africa, such as the Whistling Thorn acacia. The acacias provide shelter for ants in the thorns and nectar in extrafloral nectaries for their symbiotic ants such as Crematogaster mimosae. In turn, the ants protect the plant by attacking large mammalian herbivores and stem-boring beetles which damage the plant.

[᱑]

[᱒]

[᱓]

[᱔]