ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ
ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ (ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ: بيروت, ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱸᱪ: Beyrouth, ᱤᱝᱞᱤᱥ: Beirut) ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱒᱐᱑᱔ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱦᱤᱥᱟᱹᱵᱽ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮ ᱒᱒ ᱞᱟᱠᱷ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱷᱟᱱᱛ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱮᱥᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱽ ᱫᱩᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱜᱮᱞᱯᱮ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱵᱷᱩᱼᱢᱚᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱨᱮ ᱕᱐᱐᱐ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱞᱟᱦᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱟᱥᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱚᱱᱟᱛᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱡᱮᱜᱮᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱬᱮ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱑᱕ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ BC ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱥᱚᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱱᱟᱶᱟ ᱠᱤᱝᱰᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱟᱨᱱᱟ ᱪᱤᱴᱷᱤ ᱨᱮ ᱾
ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ بيروت Beyrouth | |||
---|---|---|---|
ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | |||
| |||
ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ: Paris of the East[᱑] | |||
ᱡᱚᱥ: Beirut, mother of laws (Latin: Berytus Nutrix Legum) | |||
Lua error in ᱢᱳᱰᱩᱞ:Location_map at line 522: Unable to find the specified location map definition: "Module:Location map/data/Lebanon" does not exist.Location of Beirut within Lebanon | |||
Coordinates: 33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°ECoordinates: 33°53′13″N 35°30′47″E / 33.88694°N 35.51306°E | |||
Country | ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ | ||
ᱜᱚᱵᱷᱚᱨᱢᱮᱱᱴ | ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ | ||
ᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ | |||
• Governor | Marwan Abboud | ||
• Mayor | Jamal Itani | ||
ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ | |||
• ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | 19.8 ᱠᱤᱢᱤ২ (7.6 ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) | ||
• ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ | 67 ᱠᱤᱢᱤ২ (26 ᱜᱟᱺᱴ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) | ||
ᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ | (2014) | ||
• ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ | ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱓᱖᱑,᱓᱖᱖[᱒] | ||
• ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱱᱟᱜᱟᱨ | ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱜᱩᱴᱤ ᱒,᱒᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐[᱓] | ||
Demonym(s) | Beiruti | ||
EET (ᱭᱩᱴᱤᱥᱤ+2) | |||
• ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||
ᱮᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱳᱰ(ᱠᱚ) | +961 (01) | ||
ᱟᱭ.ᱮᱥ.ᱳ ᱓᱑᱖᱖ ᱠᱳᱰ | LB-BA | ||
Patron Saint | Saint George | ||
ᱣᱮᱵᱽᱥᱟᱭᱤᱴ | www |
ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ, ᱵᱮᱝᱠ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱮᱯᱟᱨᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ (بيروت) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱧᱟᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱷᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱵᱮᱨᱳᱛ ᱥᱮ ᱵᱤᱨᱩᱛ (𐤁𐤓𐤕) ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱦᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾
ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱞᱛᱟᱱ ᱯᱳᱭᱞᱳ ᱥᱮᱞᱤᱢ (᱑᱕᱑᱒ - ᱑᱕᱑᱕) ᱟᱜ ᱟᱢᱚᱞ ᱨᱮ ᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱱᱮᱵᱮᱛᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱥᱤᱨᱤᱭᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱡᱤᱛᱠᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱰᱨᱩᱡᱽ ᱤᱢᱤᱨ ᱦᱚᱛᱮᱛᱮ ᱪᱟᱪᱞᱟᱣᱭᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱩ ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱦᱚᱲ, ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱯᱷᱚᱠᱼᱟᱞᱼᱫᱤᱱ ᱜᱮᱞᱮᱭᱟᱭ ᱥᱟᱭ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱮᱛᱦᱚᱵ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱚᱴᱚᱢᱟᱱ ᱴᱷᱮᱱ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱮ ᱨᱩᱠᱷᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱢᱮᱱᱠᱷᱟᱱ ᱑᱗᱖᱓ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱫᱚᱠᱷᱚᱞ ᱨᱩᱣᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾
ᱚᱛᱱᱚᱜ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱵᱷᱩᱼᱢᱚᱫᱷᱚ ᱫᱚᱨᱮᱭᱟ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱱᱟᱠᱷᱟ ᱩᱯᱚᱫᱤᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ-ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹᱱᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱙᱔ ᱠᱤᱢᱤ (᱕᱘ ᱢᱟᱭᱤᱞ) ᱮᱛᱚᱢ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱟᱰᱮᱯᱟᱥᱮ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱮᱠᱳᱱᱟ ᱟᱠᱟᱨ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱧᱮᱞᱚᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱠᱤᱱ ᱵᱩᱨᱩ ᱫᱚ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱞᱼᱟᱥᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱞᱼᱢᱩᱥᱟᱭᱛᱤᱵᱦ ᱾
ᱦᱚᱭᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱡᱮᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨᱤ ᱩᱰᱟᱹᱱ ᱰᱟᱹᱦᱤᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱦᱚᱭᱼᱦᱤᱥᱤᱫ ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱛ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚ | ᱡᱟᱱ | ᱯᱷᱮᱵᱽ | ᱢᱟᱨᱪ | ᱮᱯᱨᱤᱞ | ᱢᱮᱹ | ᱡᱩᱱ | ᱡᱩᱞᱟᱭ | ᱟᱜᱚᱥᱴ | ᱥᱮᱯ | ᱚᱠᱴᱚ | ᱱᱚᱵᱷᱮ | ᱰᱤᱥᱮ | ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ |
ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ °ᱥᱮ (°ᱯᱷᱟ) | 27.9 (82.2) |
30.5 (86.9) |
36.6 (97.9) |
39.3 (102.7) |
39.0 (102.2) |
40.0 (104.0) |
40.4 (104.7) |
39.5 (103.1) |
37.5 (99.5) |
37.0 (98.6) |
33.1 (91.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
40.4 (104.7) |
ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱮᱛᱟᱱ °ᱥᱮ (°ᱯᱷᱟ) | 17.4 (63.3) |
17.5 (63.5) |
19.6 (67.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
25.4 (77.7) |
27.9 (82.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
30.7 (87.3) |
29.8 (85.6) |
27.5 (81.5) |
23.2 (73.8) |
19.4 (66.9) |
24.3 (75.7) |
ᱫᱤᱱᱟᱹᱢ ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ °ᱥᱮ (°ᱥᱮ) | 14.0 (57.2) |
14.0 (57.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
24.9 (76.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.8 (82.0) |
26.8 (80.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.8 (60.4) |
20.9 (69.6) |
ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱞᱟᱛᱟᱨ °ᱥᱮ (°ᱯᱷᱟ) | 11.2 (52.2) |
11.0 (51.8) |
12.6 (54.7) |
15.2 (59.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.8 (76.6) |
23.7 (74.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.9 (55.2) |
17.7 (63.9) |
ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱠᱳᱨᱰ °ᱥᱮ (°ᱯᱷᱟ) | 0.8 (33.4) |
3.0 (37.4) |
0.2 (32.4) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
15.0 (59.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
11.1 (52.0) |
7.0 (44.6) |
4.6 (40.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱢᱤᱢᱤ (ᱤᱧᱪᱤ) | 154 (6.1) |
127 (5.0) |
84 (3.3) |
31 (1.2) |
11 (0.4) |
1 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.01) |
0 (0) |
5 (0.2) |
60 (2.4) |
115 (4.5) |
141 (5.6) |
730 (28.7) |
ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱫᱟᱜᱼᱡᱟᱹᱲᱤ ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱸ | 12 | 10 | 8 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0.04 | 0.1 | 1 | 4 | 7 | 11 | 62 |
ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ relative humidity (%) | 64 | 64 | 64 | 66 | 70 | 71 | 72 | 71 | 65 | 62 | 60 | 63 | 66 |
ᱮᱵᱷᱚᱨᱮᱡᱽ ᱪᱟᱸᱫᱚᱠᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱥᱤᱛᱩᱝ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ | 131 | 143 | 191 | 243 | 310 | 348 | 360 | 334 | 288 | 245 | 200 | 147 | ᱒,᱙᱔᱐ |
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱑: Pogodaiklimat.ru[᱔] | |||||||||||||
ᱯᱷᱮᱰᱟᱛ ᱒: Danish Meteorological Institute (sun 1931–1960)[᱕] |
Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18.5 °C (65.3 °F) | 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) | 17.5 °C (63.5 °F) | 18.5 °C (65.3 °F) | 21.3 °C (70.3 °F) | 24.9 °C (76.8 °F) | 27.5 °C (81.5 °F) | 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) | 28.1 °C (82.6 °F) | 26.0 °C (78.8 °F) | 22.6 °C (72.7 °F) | 20.1 °C (68.2 °F) |
ᱰᱮᱢᱚᱜᱽᱨᱟᱯᱷᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ᱑᱙᱓᱒ ᱥᱮᱨᱢᱟ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱨᱮ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱲᱞᱮᱠᱷᱟ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ ᱵᱟᱝ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱛᱚᱵᱮ ᱟᱢᱫᱟᱡᱽ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱡᱮ ᱠᱚᱢ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱙᱓᱘,᱙᱔᱐ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱑,᱓᱐᱓,᱑᱒᱙ ᱜᱟᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱟᱨᱟᱝ ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱒,᱒᱐᱐,᱐᱐᱐ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ ᱫᱚ ᱞᱮᱵᱟᱱᱚᱱ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱝᱼᱛᱟᱞᱢᱟ (middle east) ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱟᱱᱟᱢ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱵᱷᱮᱯᱮᱫ (diverse) ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ-ᱡᱟᱹᱛᱤ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱥᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱮ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱟᱨ ᱤᱥᱟᱹᱭ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱦᱚᱲ ᱠᱚ ᱤᱫᱤ ᱠᱟᱛᱮᱡᱽ ᱟᱹᱰᱤ ᱜᱚᱨᱚᱵ ᱮ ᱵᱩᱡᱷᱟᱹᱣᱟ ᱾ ᱚᱱᱟ ᱵᱮᱜᱚᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱱᱚᱸᱰᱤ ᱑᱘ ᱜᱚᱴᱟᱱ ᱢᱟᱹᱱ ᱮᱢ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱫᱷᱚᱨᱚᱢ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟᱜᱼᱟ ᱾
ᱠᱟᱹᱣᱰᱤᱟᱹᱨᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱥᱚᱨᱠᱟᱨ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱥᱮᱪᱮᱫ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱦᱮᱡᱽᱥᱮᱱ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ- Beirut City Guide
- Wikimedia Atlas of Lebanon
- ᱵᱮᱭᱨᱩᱛ at Curlie
- Map of Beirut, 1936., Eran Laor Cartographich Collection, The National Library of Israel, Historic Cities Research Project. Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱑-᱐᱒-᱒᱕ at the Wayback Machine.
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ- ↑ Cooke, Rachel (22 November 2006). "Paris of the east? More like Athens on speed". The Guardian.
- ↑ UNdata | record view | City population by sex, city and city type. Data.un.org (23 July 2012). Retrieved on 18 December 2012.
- ↑ "Questions & Answers: Water Supply Augmentation Project, Lebanon". The World Bank. 30 September 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2016.
- ↑ "Climate of Beirut" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 21 May 2019. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ Cappelen, John; Jensen, Jens. "Libanon – Beyrouth" (PDF). Climate Data for Selected Stations (1931–1960) (in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. p. 167. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ "Monthly Beirut water temperature chart". seatemperature.org. Retrieved 20 January 2014.