ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱱᱤᱭᱟᱹ ᱠᱚᱣᱟᱜ ᱛᱟᱹᱞᱠᱟᱹ ᱾

ᱳᱲᱤᱥᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱢᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱥᱤᱢᱟᱹ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱜᱮ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱟᱨ ᱚᱠᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱵᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱦᱮᱡ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱚᱠᱛᱮ ᱨᱮ ᱳᱰᱨᱟ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ , ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ, ᱦᱤᱨᱟᱠᱷᱚᱱᱰᱚ, ᱢᱟᱦᱟᱠᱟᱱᱛᱚᱨᱟ ᱥᱮ ᱩᱛᱠᱚᱲᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ ᱟᱭᱢᱟ ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ ᱛᱮ ᱩᱯᱨᱩᱢ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾ ᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱮᱴᱟᱜ ᱢᱟᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟ , ᱳᱲᱤᱥᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱡᱟᱹᱥᱛᱤ ᱦᱤᱸᱥ ᱛᱟᱞᱟᱜᱟᱹᱲ ᱫᱷᱟᱹᱵᱤᱡ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱛᱷᱟᱭᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱩᱲᱩᱫ ᱫᱟᱲᱮ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ , ᱚᱱᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱛᱟᱭᱚᱢ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱢ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱥᱟᱥᱚᱠ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱟᱨᱟᱭ ᱛᱮ ᱯᱟᱥᱱᱟᱣ ᱞᱟᱹᱲᱦᱟᱹᱭ ᱞᱟᱠᱪᱟᱨ ᱟᱨ ᱩᱛᱱᱟᱹᱣ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱚᱡᱮᱛᱮ ᱾

᱑᱕᱖᱘ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱫᱚ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱱᱟᱜᱟᱢ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫᱴᱟᱝ ᱵᱚᱱᱚᱫᱚᱞ ᱥᱟᱞ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱢᱚᱱᱮ ᱦᱩᱭᱩᱜᱼᱟ ᱾ ᱑᱕᱖᱘ ᱠᱷᱨᱤᱥᱴᱟᱵᱽᱫᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱟᱯᱟᱦᱟᱰᱚ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛᱼᱮ ᱩᱠᱛᱤᱭᱟᱹᱨ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ ᱾

ᱢᱟᱨᱮ ᱠᱟᱛᱷᱟ

ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱜᱟᱲ (c. 1100 – 261 BCE)

ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱱᱤᱛᱤ ᱵᱤᱜᱽᱜᱟᱱ ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱢᱟ ᱢᱤᱥᱨᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱯᱚᱫᱚ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱩᱨᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱜᱚᱱᱡᱟᱢ ᱦᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱮᱞᱟᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱑]

ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (I) (c. 1100 – 700 BCE)

ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱮᱫᱟᱭ ᱯᱩᱨᱟᱬ ᱠᱚ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ, 'ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ' ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ, ᱱᱤᱛᱟᱝ ᱳᱰᱤᱥᱟ ᱨᱮᱭᱟᱜ ᱠᱳᱥᱴᱟᱞ ᱴᱚᱴᱷᱟ ᱨᱮ, ᱚᱠᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱩᱛᱛᱚᱨ ᱥᱤᱨᱠᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫᱼᱟ ᱾^[᱒]^[᱓]

ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱵᱷᱟᱨᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱦᱚᱸ 'ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟᱭᱩᱫᱷᱟ' ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱠᱩᱢᱟᱨ ᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸᱭ ᱫᱚ ᱠᱚᱣᱨᱚᱵᱚ ᱠᱮᱢᱯ ᱨᱮ ᱥᱮᱞᱮᱫ ᱮ ᱛᱟᱦᱮᱸ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ ᱾^[᱔] ᱵᱩᱫᱫᱷᱚ ᱯᱩᱛᱷᱤ ᱢᱚᱦᱟᱜᱚᱵᱤᱱᱫᱚ ᱥᱩᱛᱛᱟᱱᱛᱚ ᱨᱮ, ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ 'ᱥᱟᱛᱛᱟᱵᱷᱩ' ᱵᱟᱵᱚᱫᱽ ᱚᱞᱟ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ^[᱕]

ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚᱣᱟ -

ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚ, (ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ)
ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱳᱰᱨᱚ, (ᱳᱰᱨᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ)
ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟᱭᱩᱫᱷᱟ
ᱥᱨᱩᱛᱟᱭᱩᱥ
ᱢᱟᱱᱤᱢᱟᱛ
ᱪᱤᱛᱨᱟᱝᱜᱚᱫᱟ
ᱥᱩᱵᱟᱦᱩ
ᱵᱤᱨᱟᱥᱮᱱ
ᱥᱩᱫᱟᱛᱛᱟ
ᱱᱟᱞᱤᱠᱤᱨᱟ
ᱭᱟᱵᱟᱱᱟᱨᱟᱡᱽ
ᱫᱚᱱᱛᱚᱵᱟᱠᱠᱷᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱱᱛᱚᱵᱟᱠᱷᱨᱟ (᱙ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ)
ᱟᱵᱟᱠᱤᱱᱱᱟᱭᱚ ᱠᱟᱨᱟᱠᱟᱱᱰᱩ (᱙ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱘ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ)
ᱵᱟᱥᱩᱯᱟᱞᱟ (᱘ ᱥᱟᱛᱟᱵᱫᱤ ᱵᱤᱥᱤ)

ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ (II) (c. 700 – 350 BCE)

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱫᱚ "ᱪᱩᱞᱞᱟᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱡᱟᱛᱚᱠᱚ" ᱟᱨ "ᱠᱟᱞᱤᱝᱜᱚᱵᱚᱫᱷᱤ ᱡᱟᱛᱚᱠᱚ" ᱨᱮ ᱚᱞ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾ ᱚᱱᱠᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱢᱮᱱᱟ ᱡᱮ, ᱯᱩᱭᱞᱩ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱫᱚᱱᱰᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱵᱷᱮᱜᱮᱫ ᱮᱱᱟ, ᱟᱨ ᱟᱥᱢᱟᱠᱟ ᱟᱨ ᱵᱤᱫᱚᱨᱵᱷᱟ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ ᱥᱟᱶ ᱟᱡ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱟᱢᱟᱱᱛᱤ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱨᱮᱫ ᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱮ ᱛᱷᱟᱯᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱫᱟ᱾

ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ-

ᱫᱚᱱᱰᱚᱠᱤ
ᱢᱚᱦᱟ ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ
ᱪᱩᱞᱞᱟᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ
ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ II (c. 7th – 6th century BCE)

ᱫᱟᱛᱷᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟᱹᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱ ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱛᱮ ᱠᱚᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ -

ᱱᱚᱣᱟ ᱫᱚ ᱟᱨ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱦᱩᱭ ᱫᱟᱲᱮᱭᱟᱜ-ᱟ ᱟᱨᱵᱟᱝ ᱫᱚᱥᱟᱨ ᱠᱟᱲᱤᱝᱜᱚ ᱨᱟᱡᱽᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱢᱩᱪᱟᱹᱫ ᱨᱟᱡᱟ ᱠᱚ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ "ᱫᱟᱛᱷᱚ ᱵᱚᱝᱥᱚ" ᱨᱮ ᱞᱟ.ᱭ ᱟᱠᱟᱱᱟ᱾

ᱵᱟᱰᱟᱭᱟᱱ ᱨᱟᱡᱽ ᱠᱚ-

ᱵᱨᱚᱢᱦᱟᱫᱚᱛᱛᱚ (c. 6th – 5th century BCE)
ᱥᱚᱛᱟᱵᱷᱩ
ᱠᱟᱥᱤᱨᱟᱡᱽ
ᱥᱩᱱᱚᱱᱫᱟ
ᱜᱩᱦᱟᱥᱤᱵᱟ

Suryavamsha of Kalinga (c. 350 – 261 BCE)

Known rulers are-

Brahmaadittiya (c. 4th century BCE)

His son, prince 'Soorudasaruna-Adeettiya' was exiled and as per Maldivian history, established the first kingdom Dheeva Maari and laid the foundation of the Adeetta dynasty.^[᱖]

Unknown rulers
Unknown (till 261 BCE), ruler of Kalinga at time of Mauryan annexation of Kalinga.^[᱗]

After Kalinga War (261 BCE), Kalinga Kingdom became a part of Mauryan Empire, after which Kalinga Kingdom was succeeded by Mahameghavahana Empire between 230–190 BCE which ruled till 350 CE.^[᱘]

Kalinga under Magadha Empire (c. 345 – 225 BCE)

Under Nanda Empire (c. 345 – 322 BCE)

Kalinga was believed to be briefly annexed by Mahapadma Nanda.

Mahapadma Nanda (380–340 BCE)
Pandhuka
Panghupati
Bhutapala
Rashtrapala
Govishanaka
Dashasidkhaka
Kaivarta
Mahendra
Dhana Nanda (322–321 BCE)

When Chandragupta Maurya rebelled against the Nandas, Kalingas broke away from the empire of Magadha.

Under Maurya Empire (c. 261 – 225 BCE)

Ashoka invaded Kalinga in 261 BCE. Kalinga broke away from the Mauryan empire during the rule of Dasharatha.

Maurya Empire at Ashoka's regin in 250 BCE

Ashoka (274–232 BCE)
Dasharatha Maurya (232–224 BCE)

Mahameghavahana Empire (c. 225 BCE – 350 CE)

Hātigumfā inscription of Emperor Kharavela at Udayagiri Hills.

Mahamegha Vahana was the founder of the Kalingan Chedi or Cheti Dynasty.^[᱙]^[᱑᱐] The names of Sobhanaraja, Chandraja, Ksemaraja also appear in context.^[᱑᱑] But, Kharavela is the most well known among them. The exact relation between Mahamegha Vahana and Kharavela is not known.^[᱙]

Vasu
Mahamegha Vahana
Sobhanaraja
Chandraja
Ksemaraja
Vakradeva (or) Virdhharaja
Kharavela (c. 193 BCE–155 BCE)
Kudepasiri Vakradeva ll
Vaduka
Galaveya

It is not known that, if Vakadeva was a successor or predecessor of Kharavela.^[᱑᱒] From the inscriptions and coins discovered at Guntupalli and Velpuru, Andhra Pradesh, we know of a series of rulers with the suffix Sada who were possibly distant successors of Kharavela.^[᱑᱓]

Mana-Sada
Siri-Sada
Maha-Sada
Sivamaka-Sada
Asaka-Sada

Murunda dynasty (150 – 250 CE)

Gana (c. 2nd cen CE)^[᱑᱔]
Dhamadamadhara (Dharmatamadharasya) (c. 3rd century CE)^[᱑᱕]^[᱑᱖]^[᱑᱗]

Satavahana Empire (ca. 60–199 CE)^[᱑᱘]

Gautamiputra Satakarni is known to have invaded Kalinga during his reign.^[᱑᱙] The Nashik prashasti inscription of Gautamiputra's mother during the reign of Vasisthiputra Pulumavi, located in the Nasik Caves, states that his orders were obeyed by the circle of all kings and calls him the lord of mount Mahendra among a list of other mountains.^[᱒᱐]^[᱒᱑]

Gautamiputra Sri Satakarni (c. 60–84 CE)
Vasisthiputra Sri Pulumavi (c. 84–119 CE)
Vasisthiputra Sri Satakarni (c. 119–148 CE)
Vasisthiputra Sivasri Pulumavi (c. 148–156 CE)
Vasisthiputra Sriskanda Satakarni (c. 156–170 CE)
Gautamiputra Sriyajña Satakarni (c. 171–199 CE)

↑ Sudāmā Miśra (1973). Janapada state in ancient India. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana.
↑ Gaṅgā Rām Garg (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170223740. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
↑ "Kalingas". www.ancientvoice.wikidot.com. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
↑ Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (March 2008). The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Second Book Sabha Parva. Echo Library. p. 10. ISBN 9781406870442. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
↑ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (2006). Political History Of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 9788130702919. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
↑ Mohamed, Naseema (2005). "First Settlers". Note on the Early History of the Maldives: 9. doi:10.3406/arch.2005.3970. Retrieved 21 March 2021.
↑ Pliny the Elder (77 CE), Natural History VI, 22.1, quoting Megasthenes (3rd century BCE), Indika, Fragm. LVI.
↑ Sahu, J. K. (1977). "The Meghas of Kosala". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 38: 49–54. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44139050.
↑ ^᱙.᱐ ^᱙.᱑ Reddy (2005). General Studies History 4 Upsc. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. A-55. ISBN 9780070604476. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
↑ Mani, Chandra Mauli (2005). A Journey Through India's Past. Northern Book Centre. p. 51. ISBN 9788172111946. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
↑ Ancient India, History of Ancient India for 1000 years in four volumes. [From 900 B.C. to 100 A.D.]. Volume IV. Baroda: Shashikant & Co. 1941. pp. 103.
↑ Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (2006). Political History Of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing. p. 348. ISBN 9788130702919. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
↑ R. T. Vyas; Umakant Premanand Shah (1995). Studies in Jaina Art and Iconography and Allied Subjects. Abhinav Publications. p. 31. ISBN 9788170173168. Retrieved 12 November 2012.
↑ Mohanty, Prafulla Kumar (2015), "Growth of Urban Society in Early Odisha", Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Indian History Congress, 76: 114, JSTOR 44156572
↑ Pelliot, Paul (1903). "Le Fou-nan". Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient (in ᱯᱷᱨᱮᱧᱪ). 3: 292. doi:10.3406/befeo.1903.1216. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
↑ Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia (PDF). trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
↑ Benudhar Patra (November 2011), Kalinga and Funan : A Study in Ancient Relations (PDF), Orissa Review, archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2023, retrieved 4 April 2021
↑ Ollett, Andrew (2017). Language of the Snakes. University of California Press. pp. 189–190. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1w8h1vk.
↑ "Detail History of Orissa". Government of Odisha. Archived from the original on 12 November 2006.
↑ R. G. Bhandarkar (1876). "The Nasik Cave Inscriptions". In Robert Kennaway Douglas (ed.). Transactions of the Second Session Held at London, in September, 1874. Trübner. p. 311.
↑ Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya (1974). Some Early Dynasties of South India. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-81-208-2941-1.

[1] Sudāmā Miśra (1973). Janapada state in ancient India. Bhāratīya Vidyā Prakāśana.

[enHindu-2] Gaṅgā Rām Garg (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World, Volume 1. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170223740. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[3] "Kalingas". www.ancientvoice.wikidot.com. Retrieved 29 November 2018.

[maha-4] Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (March 2008). The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa, Second Book Sabha Parva. Echo Library. p. 10. ISBN 9781406870442. Retrieved 28 October 2012.

[hem-5] Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra (2006). Political History Of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing. p. 75. ISBN 9788130702919. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

[6] Mohamed, Naseema (2005). "First Settlers". Note on the Early History of the Maldives: 9. doi:10.3406/arch.2005.3970. Retrieved 21 March 2021.

[Indika-7] Pliny the Elder (77 CE), Natural History VI, 22.1, quoting Megasthenes (3rd century BCE), Indika, Fragm. LVI.

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