ᱥᱟᱦᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱥᱟᱦᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ (ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ: ਸ਼ਾਹਮੁਖੀ, ᱥᱟᱦᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ: شاہ مکھی) ᱫᱚ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱯᱷᱟᱨᱥᱤᱼᱟᱨᱚᱵᱤᱠ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱟᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱢᱩᱥᱞᱟᱹ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ[᱑][᱒][᱓][᱔] ᱾ ᱥᱟᱦᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱡᱚᱡᱚᱢ ᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱷᱚᱱ ᱞᱮᱸᱜᱟ ᱛᱤ ᱥᱮᱫ ᱠᱚ ᱚᱠᱟ ᱾ ᱱᱚᱶᱟ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ ᱫᱚ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱚᱞ ᱞᱟᱹᱜᱤᱫ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱚᱜ ᱠᱟᱱ ᱵᱟᱨᱭᱟ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ (writing system) ᱢᱩᱫ ᱨᱮ ᱢᱤᱫ ᱚᱞ ᱛᱚᱦᱚᱨ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱮᱴᱟᱜᱟᱜ ᱫᱚ ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱠᱟᱱᱟ, ᱡᱟᱦᱟᱸ ᱫᱚ ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ ᱫᱤᱥᱚᱢ ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ ᱯᱚᱱᱚᱛ ᱨᱮᱱ ᱥᱤᱠᱷ ᱠᱚᱠᱚ ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨᱼᱟ[᱕] ᱾
| ᱥᱟᱦᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ | |
|---|---|
 "ᱥᱟᱦᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ" ᱚᱞ ᱱᱟᱥᱛᱟᱞᱤᱠ ᱥᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱪᱤᱞᱤ ᱛᱮ | |
| ᱞᱮᱠᱟᱱ | ᱟᱵᱽᱡᱟᱫ
|
| ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ ᱠᱚ | ᱯᱚᱧᱡᱟᱵᱤ |
ᱥᱤᱨᱡᱚᱱ ᱦᱚᱨᱟ | |
| U+0600 to U+06FF U+0750 to U+077F | |
ᱪᱤᱠᱤ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱨᱟᱦᱟ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ| ᱪᱤᱱᱦᱟᱹ | ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ | ᱵᱮᱵᱦᱟᱨ | IPA | ᱱᱳᱴ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ◌ٰ | Khari Zabar | a | [ə] | Used in certain loanwords such as ‘عیسیٰ’ (‘Jesus’) |
| ◌َ | Zabar | a | [ə] | |
| ◌ً | Zabar Tanwīn | -an | [ən] | Used for certain loanwords such as ‘فوراً’ (‘Immediately’) |
| ◌ٓ | Maddah | ā | [aː] | Used only for Alif Maddah (ا + ٓ = آ), usually written |
| ◌ِ | Zer | i | [ɪ] | Written underneath a letter |
| ◌ٍ | Zer Tanwīn | in | [ɪn] | Used for certain loanwords, written underneath a letter |
| ◌ُ | Pesh | u | [u] | |
| ◌ٔ | Hamza | varied | - | Used on vowels to indicate a diphthong between two vowels, examples such as: ‘ئ’, ‘ۓ’, ‘ؤ‘, and أ usually written |
| ◌ّ | Tashdīd | Geminite | [.] | Doubles a consonant, goes above the letter being doubled - کّ = kk |
ᱠᱮᱪᱮᱫ ᱟᱲᱟᱝ ᱠᱚ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ| ᱮᱞ. | ᱧᱩᱛᱩᱢ[᱖] | IPA | Final glyph | Medial glyph | Initial glyph | Isolated glyph | ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ᱑ | الف | alifa | /ɑː, ʔ, ∅/ | ا | ا | ਅ, ਆ (medial) | ||
| ᱒ | بے | bē | /b/ | بـ | ب | ਬ | ||
| ᱓ | پے | pē | /p/ | پـ | پ | ਪ | ||
| ᱔ | تے | tē | /t/ | تـ | ت | ਤ | ||
| ᱕ | ٹے | ṭē | /ʈ/ | ٹـ | ٹ | ਟ | ||
| ᱖ | ثے | s̱ē | /s/ | ثـ | ث | ਸ | ||
| ᱗ | جيم | jīma | /d͡ʒ/ | جـ | ج | ਜ | ||
| ᱘ | چے | cē | /t͡ʃ/ | چـ | چ | ਚ | ||
| ᱙ | وڈّی حے | waḍḍi ḥē | /ɦ/ | حـ | ح | ਹ | ||
| ᱑᱐ | خے | k͟hē | /x/ | خـ | خ | ਖ਼ | ||
| ᱑᱑ | دال | dāla | /d/ | د | د | ਦ | ||
| ᱑᱒ | ڈال | ḍāla | /ɖ/ | ڈ | ڈ | ਡ | ||
| ᱑᱓ | ذال | ẕāla | /z/ | ز | ذ | ਜ਼ | ||
| ᱑᱔ | رے | rē | /r/ | ر | ر | ਰ | ||
| ᱑᱕ | ڑے | ṛē | /ɽ/ | ڑ | ڑ | ੜ | ||
| ᱑᱖ | زے | zē | /z/ | ز | ز | ਜ਼ | ||
| ᱑᱗ | ژے | zhē | /ʒ/ | ژ | ژ | - | ||
| ᱑᱘ | سین | sīna | /s/ | سـ | س | ਸ | ||
| ᱑᱙ | شین | shīna | /ʃ/ | شـ | ش | ਸ਼ | ||
| ᱒᱐ | صاد | ṣwāda | /s/ | صـ | ص | ਸ | ||
| ᱒᱑ | ضاد | ẓwāda | /z/ | ضـ | ض | ਜ਼ | ||
| ᱒᱒ | طوۓ | t̤oʼē | /t/ | طـ | ط | ਤ | ||
| ᱒᱓ | ظوۓ | z̤oʼē | /z/ | ظـ | ظ | ਜ਼ | ||
| ᱒᱔ | عین | ʻaina | /ɑː, oː, eː, ʔ, ʕ, ∅/ | عـ | ع | ਅ | ||
| ᱒᱕ | غین | g͟haina | /ɣ/ | غـ | غ | ਗ਼ | ||
| ᱒᱖ | فے | fē | /f/ | فـ | ف | ਫ਼ | ||
| ᱒᱗ | قاف | qāfa | /q/ | قـ | ق | ਕ਼ | ||
| ᱒᱘ | کاف | kāfa | /k/ | کـ | ک | ਕ | ||
| ᱒᱙ | گاف | gāfa | /ɡ/ | گـ | گ | ਗ | ||
| ᱓᱐ | لام | lāma | /l/ | لـ / لا | ل | ਲ | ||
| ᱓᱑ | لؕام | ḷāma | /ɭ/ | لؕـ / لؕا | لؕ | ਲ਼ | ||
| ᱓᱒ | میم | mīma | /m/ | مـ | م | ਮ | ||
| ᱓᱓ | نون | nūna | /n, ɲ/ | نـ | ن | ਨ | ||
| ᱓᱔ | ݨون | ṇūṇa | /ɳ/ | ݨـ | ݨ | ਣ | ||
| ᱓᱕ | نون غنّہ | nūn ġunnah | /◌̃, ŋ/ | ں
(ن٘)
|
ੰ, ਂ | |||
| ᱓᱖ | واؤ | wāʼoa | /ʋ, uː, ʊ, oː, ɔː/ | و | و | ੳ, ਵ | ||
| ᱓᱖ | چھوٹی ہے گول ہے |
choṭī hē gol hē |
/ɦ, ɑː, e:/ | ہـ | ہ | ਹ | ||
| ᱓᱘ | دو چشمی ہے | do-cashmī hē | /ʰ/ or /ʱ/ | ھـ | ھ | varied / ੍ਹ | ||
| ᱓᱙ | ہمزہ | hamzah | /ʔ/, /∅/ | ء | ء | - | ||
| ᱔᱐ | چھوٹی يے | choṭī yē | /j, iː, ɑː/ | یـ | ی | ੲ, ਯ | ||
| ᱔᱑ | وڈّی يے | waḍḍi yē | /ɛː, eː/ | ے | ੇ, ੈ | |||
No Punjabi words begin with ں, ھ, ڑ or ے. The digraphs of aspirated consonants are as follows.
| No. | Digraph[᱗] | Transcription[᱗] | IPA | Example |
| ᱑ | بھ | bh | [p], [b] | بھاری |
| ᱒ | پھ | ph | [pʰ] | پھول |
| ᱓ | تھ | th | [tʰ] | تھم |
| ᱔ | ٹھ | ṭh | [ʈʰ] | ٹھیس |
| ᱕ | جھ | jh | [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ] | جھاڑی |
| ᱖ | چھ | ch | [t͡ʃʰ] | چھوکرا |
| ᱗ | دھ | dh | [t], [d] | دھوبی |
| ᱘ | ڈھ | ḍh | [ʈ], [ɖ] | ڈھول |
| ᱙ | رھ | rh | [rʱ] | No example? |
| ᱑᱐ | ڑھ | ṛh | [ɽʱ] | کڑھنا |
| ᱑᱑ | کھ | kh | [kʰ] | کھولنا |
| ᱑᱒ | گھ | gh | [k], [ɡ] | گھبراہٹ |
| ᱑᱓ | لھ | lh | [lʱ] | No example? |
| ᱑᱔ | مھ | mh | [mʱ] | No example? |
| ᱑᱕ | نھ | nh | [nʱ] | ننھا |
| ᱑᱖ | وھ | wh | [ʋʱ] | No example? |
| ᱑᱗ | یھ | yh | [jʱ] | No example? |
- ے (Bari ye) is only found in the final position, when writing the sounds e (ਏ) or æ (ਐ), and in initial and medial positions, it takes the form of یَ.
- Vowels are expressed as follows:
| Romanization | Final | Middle | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|
| a (ਅ) | N/A | ـَ | اَ |
| ā (ਆ) | ـَا، ـَی، ـَہ | ـَا | آ |
| i (ਇ) | N/A | ـِ | اِ |
| ī (ਈ) | ـِى | ـِيـ | اِی |
| e (ਏ) | ـے | ـيـ | اے |
| ai (ਐ) | ـَے | ـَيـ | اَے |
| u (ਉ) | N/A | ـُ | اُ |
| ū (ਊ) | ـُو | اُو | |
| o (ਓ) | ـو | او | |
| au (ਔ) | ـَو | اَو | |
ᱜᱩᱨᱩᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱟᱨ ᱥᱟᱦᱢᱩᱠᱷᱤ ᱨᱮᱱᱟᱜ ᱛᱩᱞᱟᱹ ᱡᱚᱠᱷᱟ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ
ᱟᱨᱦᱚᱸ ᱧᱮᱞ ᱢᱮ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣᱵᱟᱨᱦᱮ ᱡᱚᱱᱚᱲ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ- Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System: A Corpus based Approach Archived ᱒᱐᱒᱐-᱑᱑-᱐᱓ at the Wayback Machine.
- The Western Panjabi Alphabet Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱗-᱑᱑-᱓᱐ at the Wayback Machine.
- Learn Shahmukhi
- Likhari in Shahmukhi
- Kalam-e-Baba Nanak
- Punjabi and Punjab
- E-Book on Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi
- PDF on Gurmukhi and Shahmukhi Archived ᱒᱐᱑᱘-᱐᱙-᱐᱓ at the Wayback Machine.
ᱥᱟᱹᱠᱷᱭᱟᱹᱛ
ᱥᱟᱯᱲᱟᱣ- ↑ Evans, Lorna Priest; Malik, M.G. Abbas (1 May 2019). "Unicode Proposal for ArLaam" (PDF). Unicode. Punjabi Parchar. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ Singh Saini, Tejineder; Singh Lehal, Gurpreet; S Kalra, Virinder (August 2008). "Shahmukhi to Gurmukhi Transliteration System" (PDF). Aclweb.org. Coling 2008 Organizing Committee. p. 773. Archived from the original on 14 August 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ Sharma, Saurabh; Gupta, Vishal (May 2013). "Punjabi Documents Clustering System" (PDF). Journal of Emerging Technologies in Web Intelligence. 5 (2): 174. doi:10.4304/JETWI.5.2.171-187. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2020. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- ↑ Dhanju, Kawarbir Singh; Lehal, Gurpreet Singh; Saini, Tejinder Singh; Kaur, Arshdeep (October 2015). "Design and Implementation of Shahmukhi Spell Checker" (PDF). Learnpunjabi.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2020.
- ↑ Dorren, Gaston (2018). Babel: Around the World in Twenty Languages. Profile Books. ISBN 978-1782832508.
- ↑ Delacy 2003, p. XV–XVI.
- ↑ ᱗.᱐ ᱗.᱑ "Urdu romanization" (PDF). The Library of Congress.